Chapter 9: Texture
1. Describe three ways to define a pattern in art or theory?
Pattern can be described as repetition of a motif, which can be a subject, design, shape, form, etc. Pattern can also be described as a template which is the arrangement of the subject. Pattern is also described as a naturalistic occurrence, such as the way a tree is formed, or the addictions people have, even thought processes are patterns.
2.How can a grid help to define pattern?
Using a grid can be effective in defining a pattern because often the subject that makes up a pattern is placed evenly throughout the piece, which makes it apparent it is a pattern. However, patterns are not always very controlled and can flow all throughout the piece and still have a successful pattern. Either way a grid is a great tool that allows you to consider the placement of the object(s) being used. You can decide if the pattern will be in rows, quadrants, diagonals, and much more. A grid can be very useful and should be viewed as guidelines, that allows the artist to explore different arrangements of the pattern or work.
3. Describe the similarities and differences in pattern and texture?
Pattern and texture can often be confusing to differentiate between the two because visually they can be very similar. The main difference is the touch, or the feel of the object. Pattern is a design (something visual) but it can have texture (something we feel). This can obviously happen the other way too, a texture can be or have pattern within it.
4. How can texture be used to create visual interest?
Texture can create visual interest because it excites another one of our senses. Often we can see if a surface has texture and the ability to see and touch combined are more memorable than just one or the other. Implied texture can also be alluring because of the confusion or illusion that there is texture, it makes us question our perception. (Implied texture, is something that appears as if it would feel a certain way but actually does not because it’s flat.)
5. What is the difference between actual texture and implied texture?
Actual texture is something that has some volume and can actually be felt.
Implied texture is something that appears to look like it would feel a certain way if it was touched, but has no volume.
6. How do you define collage?
A collage is a combination of objects that are put together typically on a flat surface to create piece of work for various pieces of materials. An example of a collage could be a combination of different photograph put together. Or a collage can use various materials such as sand, seashells, paper, etc. all on one surface.
1. Describe three ways to define a pattern in art or theory?
Pattern can be described as repetition of a motif, which can be a subject, design, shape, form, etc. Pattern can also be described as a template which is the arrangement of the subject. Pattern is also described as a naturalistic occurrence, such as the way a tree is formed, or the addictions people have, even thought processes are patterns.
2.How can a grid help to define pattern?
Using a grid can be effective in defining a pattern because often the subject that makes up a pattern is placed evenly throughout the piece, which makes it apparent it is a pattern. However, patterns are not always very controlled and can flow all throughout the piece and still have a successful pattern. Either way a grid is a great tool that allows you to consider the placement of the object(s) being used. You can decide if the pattern will be in rows, quadrants, diagonals, and much more. A grid can be very useful and should be viewed as guidelines, that allows the artist to explore different arrangements of the pattern or work.
3. Describe the similarities and differences in pattern and texture?
Pattern and texture can often be confusing to differentiate between the two because visually they can be very similar. The main difference is the touch, or the feel of the object. Pattern is a design (something visual) but it can have texture (something we feel). This can obviously happen the other way too, a texture can be or have pattern within it.
4. How can texture be used to create visual interest?
Texture can create visual interest because it excites another one of our senses. Often we can see if a surface has texture and the ability to see and touch combined are more memorable than just one or the other. Implied texture can also be alluring because of the confusion or illusion that there is texture, it makes us question our perception. (Implied texture, is something that appears as if it would feel a certain way but actually does not because it’s flat.)
5. What is the difference between actual texture and implied texture?
Actual texture is something that has some volume and can actually be felt.
Implied texture is something that appears to look like it would feel a certain way if it was touched, but has no volume.
6. How do you define collage?
A collage is a combination of objects that are put together typically on a flat surface to create piece of work for various pieces of materials. An example of a collage could be a combination of different photograph put together. Or a collage can use various materials such as sand, seashells, paper, etc. all on one surface.
An example of a collage.... done by Damien Hirst titled Transgressor 2007
This was created out of butterflies, household gloss and placed on canvas.
7. What is tromp L’oile?
Tromp L’oile is a French term, which means “to fool the eye” and means exactly that. It’s a way of producing work that fools the viewer’s mind into thinking that what they are seeing is real or possibly a different medium. Typically, this is a painters term but I believe other mediums can also create works of art that fool the eye. In the end, it takes a lot of skill to be capable of recreating something to look exactly as it is realistically.
Tromp L’oile is a French term, which means “to fool the eye” and means exactly that. It’s a way of producing work that fools the viewer’s mind into thinking that what they are seeing is real or possibly a different medium. Typically, this is a painters term but I believe other mediums can also create works of art that fool the eye. In the end, it takes a lot of skill to be capable of recreating something to look exactly as it is realistically.
Chapter 12: Value
1. Define value and a value scale.
Value is simply a word for dark and light.
A value scale is a series of colors from white to black or the lightest and darkest values that will or could be used within a work.
2. What is achromatic gray?
Achromatic gray are mixtures of only black and white, with no chroma used in the mixture.
3. What is a value-contrast?
Value-contrast is the relationship between areas of dark and light.
4. How do you create balance in a composition with value?
Using a variety of value will help create balance in a composition.
5. How do you create emphasis with value?
You can create emphasis with value but surrounding the subject with dark and or light values.
Value is simply a word for dark and light.
A value scale is a series of colors from white to black or the lightest and darkest values that will or could be used within a work.
2. What is achromatic gray?
Achromatic gray are mixtures of only black and white, with no chroma used in the mixture.
3. What is a value-contrast?
Value-contrast is the relationship between areas of dark and light.
4. How do you create balance in a composition with value?
Using a variety of value will help create balance in a composition.
5. How do you create emphasis with value?
You can create emphasis with value but surrounding the subject with dark and or light values.
Edward Hopper titled Automat 1927
This is an example of an emphasis on a subject with the use of value.
He places his subject, the lady at a white table with the background very dark to show contrast.
6. What is chiaroscuro? What period in art history was the word originally used?
Chiaroscuro is a term used during the Renaissance that describes the use of dark and light within a work of art to create volume and depth.
7. What is aerial or atmospheric perspective?
This is a technique used to create depth through the use of value. Typically, objects in the distance are not as distinct and fade out while objects in the front are more clearly defined and normally darker.
Chiaroscuro is a term used during the Renaissance that describes the use of dark and light within a work of art to create volume and depth.
7. What is aerial or atmospheric perspective?
This is a technique used to create depth through the use of value. Typically, objects in the distance are not as distinct and fade out while objects in the front are more clearly defined and normally darker.
Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa 1505
is an excellent example of atmospheric perspective. The women in the front is clear and crisply defined while in the landscape in the background becomes lighter and not as clearly defined. Leonardo is actually noted as one of the first person's to use atmospheric perspective.
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In Barbra Kruger’s piece titled You Are Not Yourself she uses implied texture to add to her compositional layout and message. Barbra is known for her collages in which she uses found images and typically adds text to create controversial works of art. Since many of her works of art are in black and white (with a hint of red) she must consider her choices in value in order to create a piece with value-contrast. When creating her works of art she may use a value scale to ensure she is using the best possible values to create a unified composition. Many of her works also show the use of chiaroscuro which gives these two dimensional pieces great depth.
